The differences in the process-stages mean that different types of refractory materials are required. With its unique product line, Gouda Refractories has solutions for process specific problems such as alkali growth, high abrasion, thermal shock and mechanical stresses. Gouda Refractories can deliver high quality, tailored products for various critical stages of the cement production process.

Clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in diameter. It is produced by sintering (fusing together without melting to the point of liquefaction) limestone and aluminosilicate materials such as clay during the cement kiln stage.

In the dry process, the moisture content of the raw material is reduced to less than 1% before the blending process occurs. The dry material is pulverized and fed to the rotary kiln. Further drying, decarbonating, and calcining take place as the material passes through the rotary kiln.